{"id":34100,"date":"2020-04-01T09:40:43","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T01:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zegal.com\/?p=34100"},"modified":"2020-03-27T11:19:43","modified_gmt":"2020-03-27T03:19:43","slug":"online-harassment-laws-hong-kong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zegal.com\/en-gb\/blog\/post\/online-harassment-laws-hong-kong\/","title":{"rendered":"What&#8217;s Considered Online Harassment?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-34279\" src=\"https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-640x427.jpg 640w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/person-touching-open-macbook-on-table-839465-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 98vw, (max-width: 1199px) 64vw, 770px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"E563\"><span id=\"E564\">When most of us hear the term \u2018cyberbullying\u2019, we may tend to think of children sending mean texts or posting unflattering pictures of classmates. The term \u2018cyberbullying\u2019 may sound quite juvenile, as it often involves situations where children target other children. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"E564\">Cases which involve adults are more commonly referred to as \u2018online harassment\u2019.\u00a0 Nowadays the lines have melded and \u2018cyberbullying\u2019 is synonymous with \u2018online harassment\u2019. Online harassment can also come in many forms. This could <\/span><span id=\"E566\">include:<\/span><span id=\"E568\"> e-mails, social media platforms, and SMS. And it could involve behaviours such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span id=\"E580\">Intimidation<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"E571\" class=\"qowt-li-9_0 qowt-list\"><span id=\"E572\">Impersonation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Sharing private picture without consent<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Framing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Denigration<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Disclosure of identity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>In Hong Kong<\/h4>\n<p id=\"E582\"><span id=\"E583\">Online harassment in Hong Kong has become a recurring issue over these past few months. This is especially so due to the recent Hong Kong protests in response to the 2019 Extradition Bill. During the height of the protests, police officers were the target of disgruntled Hong Kong citizens. These were mainly due to the allegations of police brutality inflicted upon local protestors. As a result, these officers would receive the brunt of online hate comments spread through social media platforms. According to the Office of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data<\/span><span id=\"E584\"> (the \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E585\">Commissioner<\/span><span id=\"E586\">\u201d)<\/span><span id=\"E587\">, the <\/span><span id=\"E588\">Commissioner<\/span><span id=\"E589\"> <\/span><span id=\"E590\">had received 768 cases regarding online harassment that may contravene privacy during June until late August in 2019. The <\/span><span id=\"E591\">Office <\/span><span id=\"E592\">also pointed out that the targeting of police and their families constituted 70% of the cases involved. In one case, a police officer and his wife\u2019s information <\/span><span id=\"E594\">was<\/span><span id=\"E596\"> posted online. This data included their names, ID number, home address, phone number, as well as the name of their child. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E598\"><span id=\"E599\">Often the problem regarding online harassment is the anonymity involved. This anonymity issue makes it harder for assailants to be easily identified, which effectively entices online users to spread abuse. This also feeds into the issues that go into legislating such a broad and complex concern. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E601\"><span id=\"E602\">These cases then beg the question of: what can we do if we are subject to online harassment?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-34273\" src=\"https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-640x427.jpg 640w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zegal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-using-silver-laptop-3784324-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 98vw, (max-width: 1199px) 64vw, 770px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"E604\"><span id=\"E605\">What are the laws behind online harassment?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p id=\"E606\"><span id=\"E607\">While Hong Kong does not have a specific ordinance dealing with online harassment &#8211; don\u2019t fear. Legal action may still be pursued. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E609\"><span id=\"E610\">This could be through a variety of different actions depending on your specific case. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E612\"><span id=\"E613\">According to the Privacy Commissioner, m<\/span><span id=\"E614\">any different areas of law may be relevant depending on the facts of your case. A frequent manner of online harassment includes the collection and sharing of personal data online. In these circumstances, the Data Protection Principles (\u201c<\/span><span id=\"E615\">DPPs<\/span><span id=\"E616\">\u201d) 1 and 3 under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance <\/span><span id=\"E617\">(Cap. 486) (the \u201c<\/span><span id=\"E618\">Privacy Ordinance<\/span><span id=\"E619\">\u201d) <\/span><span id=\"E620\">are particularly useful. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id=\"E622\"><span id=\"E623\">Data Protection Principle 1 calls for:<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li id=\"E624\" class=\"qowt-li-4_0 qowt-list\"><span id=\"E625\">The data user to gather personal data only for a purpose that is directly related to its activity or function.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">The data user not to collect data excessively, only when necessary<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">The collection of data to be lawful and fair. <\/span>For example, to collect personal data for blackmail is unlawful and therefore contravenes DPP 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<h5 id=\"E633\"><span id=\"E634\">Data Protection Principle 3 states that:<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><span id=\"E636\">Personal data can only be used for why the data was first collected or a purpose that is directly related;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Unless voluntary and explicit consent is obtained from the data subject<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E640\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">This includes personal data collected through public portals and channels, therefore online harassment <\/span><span id=\"E642\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">through the use of<\/span><span id=\"E644\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> personal data obtained through public domains may be a breach of DPP 3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">The mere fact of the public availability of personal data online does not equal to general consent for additional use of the subject\u2019s data for any other reason<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"E648\"><span id=\"E649\">However, these principles may not apply under s.52 of the Privacy<\/span><span id=\"E650\"> Ordinance<\/span><span id=\"E651\">.<\/span><span id=\"E652\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E654\"><span id=\"E655\">This section states that in the following circumstances, DPP 1 and 3 may be exempted:<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E657\"><span id=\"E658\">Where the personal data is obtained by a person who is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li id=\"E659\" class=\"qowt-li-8_0 qowt-list\"><span id=\"E660\">Only involved with the administration of his family, household or personal affairs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Or held for recreational purposes only<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"E664\"><span id=\"E665\">While breaching the DPPs is not an outright offence, the Commissioner may warrant a notice of enforcement to the data user regarding his breach. However, the contravention of this breach is a criminal act and may result in two years imprisonment and a fine of $50,000. If this breach is a continuing <\/span><span id=\"E667\">violation<\/span><span id=\"E669\"> then a daily fine of $1<\/span><span id=\"E670\">,<\/span><span id=\"E671\">000 may be issued. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"E673\"><span id=\"E674\">What if the acts are criminal?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p id=\"E675\"><span id=\"E676\">There are many forms online harassment can take. Unfortunately, some cases involve a criminal component. The relevant laws will vary depending on the situation but here are some legal authorities to help you in identifying which acts are criminal. <\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id=\"E678\"><span id=\"E679\">Crimes Ordinance (Cap<\/span><span id=\"E680\">.<\/span><span id=\"E681\"> 200)<\/span><\/h5>\n<p id=\"E682\" class=\"qowt-li-10_0 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span id=\"E683\">Criminal Intimidation and Criminal Damage contrary to <\/span><span id=\"E684\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E685\">24 and <\/span><span id=\"E686\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E687\">60 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E688\" class=\"qowt-li-10_1 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><span id=\"E689\">HKSAR v Ko Kai Fam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"E690\" class=\"qowt-li-10_2 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span id=\"E691\">-Defendant hacked into <\/span><span id=\"E692\">the <\/span><span id=\"E693\">victim\u2019s emails and sent threats and e-mails of obscene images <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E694\" class=\"qowt-li-10_0 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span id=\"E695\">Procurement to do an unlawful sexual act by threats (<\/span><span id=\"E696\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E697\">119)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E698\" class=\"qowt-li-10_1 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><span id=\"E699\">HKSAR v Wong <\/span><span id=\"E701\">Dawa<\/span><span id=\"E703\"> <\/span><span id=\"E705\">Norbu<\/span><span id=\"E707\"> Ching Shang<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"E708\" class=\"qowt-li-10_2 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span id=\"E709\">-Defendant took photographs while having intercourse with an underage victim who then threatened to publish the photos unless she continued to have intercourse with him<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E710\" class=\"qowt-li-10_0 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span id=\"E711\">Accessing a computer with dishonest intent (<\/span><span id=\"E712\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E713\">161)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E714\" class=\"qowt-li-10_1 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><span id=\"E715\">HKSAR v Sze Ho Chun<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"E716\" class=\"qowt-li-10_2 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span id=\"E717\">-Laptop repairman accessed and posted confidential photos online from a customer\u2019s laptop <\/span><\/p>\n<h5 id=\"E719\"><span id=\"E720\">Theft Ordinance (Cap<\/span><span id=\"E721\">.<\/span><span id=\"E722\"> 210)<\/span><\/h5>\n<p id=\"E723\" class=\"qowt-li-6_0 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span id=\"E724\">Blackmail (s.23<\/span><span id=\"E727\">)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E728\" class=\"qowt-li-6_1 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><strong><span id=\"E729\">HKSAR v Chai Mei Kwan<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentsContainer\">\n<div id=\"contents\">\n<p id=\"E730\" class=\"qowt-li-6_2 qowt-list\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span id=\"E731\">-Defendant demanded money while threatening to release an intimate video of the victim if demands were not met <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E733\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span id=\"E734\">Other <\/span><span id=\"E735\">relevant <\/span><span id=\"E736\">offences may include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li id=\"E738\" class=\"qowt-li-1_0 qowt-list\"><span id=\"E739\">P<\/span><span id=\"E740\">ublishing obscene articles (<\/span><span id=\"E741\">s.<\/span><span id=\"E742\">21<\/span><span id=\"E743\"> of <\/span><span id=\"E744\">Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance (Cap 390)<\/span><span id=\"E745\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E747\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Spamming <\/span><span id=\"E748\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">telephone calls or messages or telegrams<\/span><span id=\"E750\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">(s.20 of <\/span><span id=\"E751\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Summary Offences Ordinance (Cap 228)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span id=\"E753\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Possession of child pornography <\/span><span id=\"E754\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">(s.3(3) <\/span><span id=\"E755\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">of <\/span><span id=\"E756\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Prevention of Child Pornography Ordinance<\/span><span id=\"E757\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> (Cap. 579)<\/span><span id=\"E758\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"E760\"><span id=\"E761\">Remedies may also be found in the civil court. These claims would include the torts of trespass, intimidation and defamation. However, these legal proceedings come with the burden of being costly and time-consuming.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"E763\"><span id=\"E764\">How to prevent online harassment<\/span><\/h4>\n<p id=\"E765\"><span id=\"E766\">Cases of online harassment or cyberbullying may lead to adverse psychological impacts on victims. Therefore, active prevention of harassment should be prioritised. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E768\"><span id=\"E769\">It is always important to practice safe online habits. This can be done through tightening security controls on social media platforms and responsible use of online information. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E771\"><span id=\"E772\">Practical measures of online safety include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li id=\"E773\" class=\"qowt-li-0_0 qowt-list\"><span id=\"E774\">Privacy settings adjusted to limit access to your data<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Refrain from releasing sensitive personal information<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Do not engage with unknown users online<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Be vigilant in deciding whether or where to meet someone you contacted online<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Educate children on the dangers of releasing online information and proper online etiquette<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"E784\"><span id=\"E785\">With the exercise of these safety habits, chances of online harassment can be significantly reduced. This is especially so regarding the education of our youth, who may be more susceptible to online abuse or schemes. Therefore, it is important to reinforce these ideas at an early age and keep them in mind as adults as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E787\"><span id=\"E788\">If you are the victim of online harassment that you believe is <\/span><span id=\"E790\">criminal<\/span><span id=\"E792\"> then it is best to refer the matter to the Police or a legal assistant. Any anonymous messages received should also be saved to help the Police identify the harasser. In the case of cyberbullying, these situations should be reported to parents or teachers. <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"E794\"><span id=\"E795\">As always, keep your data safe and keep this article in mind if you ever come across online harassment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><i>This article does not constitute legal advice.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>The opinions expressed in the column above represent the author\u2019s own.<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/register.zegal.com\/\"><b>Start managing your legal needs with Zegal today<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zegal.com\/blog\/post\/data-privacy-for-beginners\/\">READ MORE: Data Privacy For Beginners<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When most of us hear the term \u2018cyberbullying\u2019, we may tend to think of children sending mean texts or posting unflattering pictures of classmates. The term \u2018cyberbullying\u2019 may sound quite juvenile, as it often involves situations where children target other children. Cases which involve adults are more commonly referred to as \u2018online harassment\u2019.\u00a0 Nowadays the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":34279,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[133],"tags":[7673,30,8845,6755,10307],"usecases":[],"businesstypes":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-34100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-startup","tag-data-privacy","tag-hong-kong","tag-law","tag-legal-tech","tag-z-syndicate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.8 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What&#039;s Considered Online Harassment? 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